JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 87-94. They were not only economical achievements of the state they also affected their physical and social environments and introduced the modern way of living particularly where they were set up. That explains why the factories which were set up all around the country had played such a crucial role in the modernization period of Turkey at the beginning of the Republican era. Secondly, the small towns or settlements of the country were supposed to become modern cities, the places of modernity, just like the modern cities of the industrial and developed countries of the world. The Government’s first goal was to turn the country into the space of National Turkish Republic State from an empire’s land. Besides from its economical, political and social goals, the Republican Government had aimed to change the physical appearance of the country. The economical dimension included the industrialization and economical independence of Turkey. This project had different dimensions appealing to the institutional, economical, social and civic aspects of Turkey. Right after the Turkish War of Independence, The Republican Government of Turkey had aimed to establish an independent country and started to carry out a modernization and contemporization project. This research is an attempt to understand the industrialization period of Turkey’s Early Republican Period (1930’s) and the spatial effects of the new production system. The starting point of this study is the fact that every production system entails a specific spatial organization and changes its physical environment. His most recent book is// Short History of American Locomotive builders (Washington, D.C., 1982).Industrialization and Urbanization in Turkey at the beginning of the 20th Century White is curator of transportation at the National Museum of American His tory. But despite these failings, Schivelbusch has written a fascinating book that should stimulate more study in the phenomena of railway travel. The lack of a bibliography and an index further weakens the volume as a scholarly effort. The notes suggest that the author rarely read beyond secondary literature. The final chapters offer a weak ending to the strong core of the book and make the work read more like a collection of essays than a well-organized reference work. Sensational press accounts did little to reassure the public about the safety of this new mode of transit. The possibility of death or injury, always present whatever the mode of transportation, was heightened in the traveler’s mind by the incessantly clattering wheels and shrieking whistle. The rapid vibration and noise level induced a fatigue not en countered with highway, canal, or river travel. The author makes a good case for the adverse effects of high-speed travel. Poorer-class travelers tended to mingle more readily in crowded coaches where the lack of privacy discouraged isolated occupations such as reading. First-class travelers in particular hid behind a book or newspaper. Trains traveled so fast that the passenger had little opportunity to study the landscape-and the trip was over so quickly that he had less time to interact with his fellow travelers. The book largely ignores the misery and slowness of prerailway travel and tends to idealize the pastoral nature of everyday life in preindustrial times. The greater speeds, dangers, and impersonal qual ity of travel had a profound effect on the traveling public-much of it negative, according to Schivelbusch’s interpretation of the data. The author is more convincing when he stays with the main themes of the book, and chapters 3 through 9 represent something of a pioneering attempt to explain the physiological and psychological ef fects of rail travel on passengers accustomed to life in the pre industrial age. He supports the claims of Winans as inventor of the eight-wheel railroad car and Whitney as the developer of inter changeable parts, despite long-standing criticism of these canards. Nor is it really a history of technology, for whenever the author attempts to discuss such matters, he reveals a poor under standing of the subject. It is not intended to be a history of travel. This book is about the social/psychological impact of' railway travel in Western Europe ancl North America. TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 515 The Railway Journey: Trains and Travel in the 19th Century. In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:
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